3^rd World Congress on Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research October 02-03, 2017 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

India boasts a long and colorful history as one of the cradles of civilization, and today is the only country besides China to have a population over one billion. Despite the country’s long list of contributions to modern society, hygiene is an overwhelming problem in India. According to the World Bank, approximately 569 million Indians still practice open defecation and 77 million Indians lack access to safe water. Historically, many organizations and government initiatives have aimed to increase sanitation in India, but have fallen short of providing a sustainable solution tailored for India. Objectives According to World Bank estimates in 2015, India loses about 6.4% of its GDP, or approximately $53 billion USD, due to poor sanitation and hygiene practices. In India, traditional sanitation methods such as hand-washing, use of soap, and indoor plumbing have not yet reached the bulk of India’s population. Rather than imposing Western standards of cleanliness on a nation with its own unique cultural and economic circumstances, policymakers would do better to plant more citronella grass, which is native to India and can provide a cheap and quick alternative to good sanitation. Rather than having to find running water and soap to wash their hands, citizens in India could experience the same antimicrobial benefits by rubbing their hands vigorously on citronella grass. Methods To test the various inhibitive effects of citronella grass on harmful pathogens, Escherichia coli AG100, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325, along with the yeast Candida albicans, were treated with a 1% citronella essential oil solution. Following 10 minutes of exposure to the essential oil solution, microbial activity was measured using O2 consumption rates as a % of control, along with K+ efflux as % of total cell K+. Measurements were compared against a control group, along with a group treated with 0.1% vinegar solution, a common household antimicrobial agent. Results Microbes treated with citronella essential oil showed significant increases in permeability of cytoplasmic membranes for the bacteria and the plasma membrane for the Candida yeast. Growth was significantly inhibited following the loss of chemiosmotic control in these organisms. Following the increased permeability and decreased respiration, it was mainly the loss of potassium ions which restricted microbial activity. Conclusion Citronella grass provides a viable organic alternative for good hygiene in places where running water is not yet readily available. Currently, one meter of 5cm PVC pipe used in the delivery of clean water costs 21 rupees, or $0.32 USD, while a citronella plant only costs 6 rupees, or $0.009 USD. When viewed in this light, citronella is a cost-friendly and viable alternative to building expensive plumbing infrastructure in underdeveloped areas across India. Citronella is indeed farmed in India on large plantations, but the plants are not widespread outside of these commercial farms. The lack of citronella outside of these farms presents an opportunity for India to address its sanitation problems and improve the quality of life for its citizens, by planting more citronella and informing citizens of the antimicrobial effects of the plant.

In Indonesia, the traditional health system is still separated from modern medicine, but coexist with modren treatment. As in Nagari Simanau, it is famous for ureh nan ampek treatment that has a balance dichotomy like humoral pathology, India (ayurveda) and China (yin and yang). Method used in this research, using ethnoscience approach where researcher seek knowledge of society and dukun kampung about ureh nan ampek through technique of collecting data of interview and observation. After that the results, the plant will be done phytochemical testing. The results of the study explain that etnomedisin ureh nan ampek have the same balance dichotomy based on Sikatimuno mythology, chicken surgery (perkakehs ayan), tawa ureh nan ampek (spell) and phytochemical test. The pain will appear when ndak lamak badan, banyak pangana, ndak lamak hati (unwell body, a lot of thoughts and hearts). So that causes four elements in the body is not balanced that is karabu (lung), liver, galang nan tujuah (long intestine), and rueh-rueh finger (large intestine). As for curing the illness with ureh nan ampek consisting of sitawa (Enydra fluctuans DC), sidingin (Cheilocostus speciosus), cikarau (Bryophyllum pinnatum), cikumpai (Sacciolepis interrupta) in which each plant has its own properties in curing diseases. sitawa is any sick bidder, sidigin decrease heat/cool the sick, cikarau/pararau is destroyer of any sick and cikumpai/panghampai is throw away any sick. From the explanation of dakun kampung about tawa ureh nan ampek. Researchers can categorize Minangkabau ethnopharmacology that A total of 82 types plants are categorized by researchers who have properties and benefits Healing various diseases. Keywords: Ethnomedicin Ureh Nan Ampek, Minangkabau Ethnopharmacology

Dr. Iraj Sharifi has completed his PhD at the age of 28 years from University of Illinois (USA) and eversine, has been teaching( PhD, MS, MD, Lab.Tech., Pharmacy, and nursing students) and doing research studies at the School of Medince and Leishmanisis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He has been the Dean of faculty of Medicine (4 years), Vice- Chancellor for Research (5 years), Chancellor of the Kerman Uni of Med Sci (13 years) and Director of Kerman Leishmaniasis Research Center (10 years). He has published 135 articles (75 international and 60 Persian).

Pentavalent antimony compounds are expensive, toxic and drug resistance is prevalent, whereas the plant extract derivatives are safe. In the present study, the effect of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the promastigotes of Leishmania major was evaluated. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of E. camaldulensis leaves were prepared. The compounds were dried and powdered. Serial dilutions of the extracts and control drugs in phosphate buffer solution were prepared. The stationary phase promastigotes of L. major were incubated to the methanolic and aqueous extractions in vitro. Tartar emetic was used as the positive control drug. After 72 h of incubation the activity of the extracts was measured, using MTT method. The IC50 values (50 % inhibitory concentration) were 586.2 ± 47.6 and 1,108.6 ± 51.9 μg/ml for methanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively, whereas it was 32.5 ± 6.8 μg/ml for tartar emetic. The results indicated that the methanolic extract was more effective than aqueous extract, although there was no significant difference. The extracts were less effective as compared to the control drug. Further investigation is required to evaluate these extracts on clinical stage in macrophage-amastigote model.

Selfie Petronela Joice Ulaen, was born on 01 Sptember 1973 in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Completing secondary education at the School of Pharmacy Manado 1992, Graduate Program in Manado State University science degree in Educational Administration and Teaching Certificate IV in 2001, and the Indonesian Christian University in Tomohon in the field of Pharmacy in 2009. Master's Degree Programme in the field of Public Health at the University Samratulangi Manado 2004

Papaya is known as a multipurpose plant for almost all the plants useful to humans, one of which is the papaya seeds are used as medicine roundworms, indigestion, diarrhea, skin diseases, male contraception, and raw materials into the wind. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and the effect of different concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5% ethanol extract of papaya seeds in inhibiting the growth of bacteria Escherichia coli. The study was a laboratory experiment with post-test design with control group. The research sample using black papaya seeds from the village Tompaso II District Tompaso Minahasa North Sulawesi Province. The ethanol extract of papaya seeds obtained from the maceration of 50 grams of dried papaya seeds powder using ethanol 70%, then made a test solution of each concentration of 1%, 3% and 5%. Test of inhibition is done by using a paper disc soaked at each concentration, and then placed on a nutrient agar which had been inoculated with the bacterium Escherichia coli, and then incubated in an incubator at a temperature of 37⁰C for 1 x 24 hours, 2 x 24 hours and 3 x 24 h and the diameter of clear zone formed was measured using a scale ruler mm. The data were analyzed descriptively continued with One Way Anova. The results showed difference in the effectiveness and influence of the concentration of 1%, 3% and 5% ethanol extract of papaya seeds in inhibiting the growth of bacteria Escherichia coli.

Putri ramadhani has completed her medical degree at the age of 20 years from Faculty of Medicine, andalas University Indonesia. Now, as young doctor at M.Djamil Hospital Padang, Indonesia. This paper was a study to get medical degree. She was interested in utilizing the plant around especially useful for treatment plants.

Infection remains a major public health problem in Indonesia where Staphylococcus aureus is one of pathogenic bacterium that can cause infection. Irrational use of antibiotics to treat infection can make the pathogen becomes resistance, resulting the failure of the treatment. Turmeric (Curcuma domestica V.) is often used in traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibition of the ethanol extract of turmeric (Curcuma domestica V.) for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. This study is an experimental laboratory with post-test only control group design that use diffusion method (discs) held from February 2015 to September 2015 in the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Andalas. The sample used are turmeric grown in the fields of turmeric in Puncak Payo, Tanah Garam Solok. Based on the results of this study can be concluded that the ethanol extract of turmeric (Curcuma domestica V.) have different inhibition for the growth of S. aureus with various concentrations about 10%, 20%, 40%, 80% w/v. Concentration of the extract that most effective in inhibiting S. aureus is 80% w/v. The use of ethanol extract of turmeric as an alternative of antibiotics must be considered.

Yos Banne, and I was born in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia on November 3rd, 1974. I completed bachelor degree on Pharmacy Dept. Hasanuddin University and a master degree on Faculty of Pharmacy at Gadjah Mada University in 2012. I am a lecturer in Pharmacy Department, Health Polytechnic Manado since 2005 and do research in the fields of pharmaceuticals, especially of traditional medicine and medicinal dosage formulations. Several studies have been published in last 5 years either through journals or by oral / poster at the national and international seminar, including the formulation of nano-curcumin with chitosan as carrier, the use of coconut flour as a disintegrant in tablet formulation and preparation of medicines and cosmetics formulation from natural materials and examine its pharmacological effects.

Soursop plant can be used as a traditional medicine. The leaves empirically used to reduce fever due to its content of flavonoids. This study aimed to examine the antipyretic effect of soursop leaves extract (Annona muricata L.) on rats (Rattus norvegicus). This was an experimental research with pretest and posttest design with a control group. Soursop leaves extracted by maceration method using ethanol to produced a viscous extract. White rats were divided into 3 groups, each group consists of 5 rats. The body temperature of rats was measured as the initial temperature (t0). Rats then induced with 10% peptone to increase body temperature and then measured (tn). Group I was treated with soursop leaves extract, the second group was given paracetamol suspension as the positive control and the third group was given Na CMC as the negative control. The body temperature of rats measured at hours 1, 2, 3 and 4 (t1, t2, t3, and t4). Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA tests with a significance level of 0.05. The result showed a significant value 0.000<0.05, so it can be concluded that the soursop leaves extract (Annona muricata L.) has the antipyretic effect on rats (Rattus norvegicus). Further studies need to explore such a study of the side effect and toxic effect of the soursop leaves. Keywords: Antipyretic, Soursop Leaves Extract, Flavonoids

Elisabeth Natalia Barung, and I was born in Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi, Indonesia on December 25th, 1967. I completed bachelor degree on Pharmacy Dept. Hasanuddin University and a master degree on Faculty of Medicine at Gadjah Mada University in 2002. I am a lecturer in Pharmacy Department, Health Polytechnic Manado since 2003 and do research in the fields of pharmaceuticals and pharmacology, especially of traditional medicine and medicinal dosage formulations. Several studies have been published in last 5 years either through journals or by oral / poster at the national and international seminar, including preparation of medicines and cosmetics formulation from natural materials and examine its pharmacological effects.

Diarrhea is a disease that is common and can occur in bacterial infections that cause cholera, dysentery, typhoid and also from Coli bacteria that normally reside in the intestine. Bandotan herbs often used as a traditional medicine to treat diarrhea because it contains tannin. This study aimed to determine the antidiarrheal effect of Bandotan herbs ethanolic extract (Ageratum conyzoides L.) on rats (Rattus norvegicus). This was an experimental research with post only control group design. Bandotan herbs extracted by maceration method using ethanol to produced a viscous extract. White rats were divided into 4 groups, each group consists of 5 rats. Antidiarrheal test method using the methods of protection which diarrhea induced with Castor oil. The extract with a dose of 18 mg and 36 mg / 200 g BW were tested on rats for over seven hours which includes the first time the occurrence of diarrhea, stool consistency, and frequency of diarrhea. Loperamide HCl used as a positive control and Na CMC 1% used as a negative control. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA tests with a significance level of 0.05. The result showed that Bandotan herbs ethanolic extract (Ageratum conyzoides L.) provide an antidiarrheal effect on rats (Rattus norvegicus). Further studies still needed to determine the antidiarrheal effect with increased dose of extract, the side effect and toxic effect of Bandotan herbs.

Benedicta Irene Rumagit Born On January 11, 1958 in Tomohon, North Sulawesi. have completed a course in Education at the Institute of Teacher Education Manado State in 2001 and a Master degree in Public Health at the Department of Public Health Sciences in 2004. Since 2001 until now, as a lecturer in the Department of Pharmacy Polytechnic of Health Ministry of Health (polytechnic) Manado. During service in polytechnic Manado has examined about red beans with titles 1. The effect of red bean porridge on total cholesterol and uric acid levels in test animals white rat (Rattus norvegicus L.) male (2012), 2 Lipid Profile And cardioprotective effect of Giving Red Bean porridge (Vigna angularis [Willd] Ohwi & Ohashi) In Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) (2015) which for this second study published in the November seminar Asean Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol Unifersity, Bangkok Thailand , November 2016

Plant Leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm, and Binn.) Is a plant particularly typical North Sulawesi Minahasa area. Leilem rod contains flavonoids, tannins and saponin.Flavonoid role in suppressing the production of prostaglandins, which are the chemical mediators of pain. The purpose of this study was to test the analgesic effect of ethanol extract of stem Leilem, Concentration of 5%, 10%, 15% white rats (Rattusnorvegicus). Kind of experimental research conducted using Post Test Design With Control Group. The sample used Leilem stems are brown and hard. Testing is done by dividing the 5 test groups, each group was given Na CMC 1% as the negative control group, three groups each to a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15% ethanol extract stem Leilem and Paracetamol suspension as a control group positif.Metode analgesic writhing test method. Data obtained from the amount of wriggling rats were raised then calculated the percentage of protection and analyzed descriptively.The results showed the percentage of ethanol extract stem analgesic protection Leilem (ClerodendrumminahassaeTeijsm, and Binn.) Concentration of 5%, 10% and 15% respectively were 80.56%, 88.89% and 90.97%. So that the conclusions obtained that ethanol extract stem Leilemdengan concentration of 5%, 10% and 15% can provide an analgesic effect in rats. Keywords: Analgesic Effects, Stem Leilem, Rats

Jovie Mien Dumanauw, is a lecturer in the Department of Pharmacy, Health Polytechnic in Manado City, North Sulawesi. Active in research activities in the field of medicinal plants. Several studies have been published either in the journals or by oral / poster at the national and international seminars. The results of the research have also been socialized through community service activities.

Bilimbi fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi, L) commonly used for food. It’s also used in traditional medicine to treat a sore throat, ulcers, bleeding gums, cavities, and more. Bilimbi leaves extract showed inhibitory effect on oral bacteria Streptococcus sanguis and its fruit extracts effectively inhibited the growth of Candida albicans found in the mouth. This study aimed to examine the antibacterial effect of mouthwash that contains Bilimbi fruit ethanolic extracts o (BFEE) on the growth of oral bacteria isolated from dental plaque. The research design used posttest design with control group on five types of bacteria isolated from dental plaque. BFEE was prepared by maceration method of dried Bilimbi fruits. The solution test made with a concentration of 2.5%, 5% and 10% of BFEE. Antibacterial activity test carried out by the paper disc diffusion method with 6 groups of treatment that 2.5%, 5% and 10% BFEE, additives in mouthwash (AM), herbal mouthwash comparator (HMC) and distilated water as a negative control. Data were descriptively and statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA tests with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that all treatments with the Bilimbi Fruit ethanolic extract (BFEE) effective to inhibite the growth of bacteria isolated from human dental plaque. The higher the concentration the greater inhibitory effect. Greatest inhibition produced by the concentration of 10%. Anova test result shown that there were significant differences between the groups were given BFEE with AM, HMC groups and distilated water as a control (p = 0.000 <0.05). it can be concluded that the mouthwash of bilimbi fruit ethanolic extract is effective as an antibacterial in mouth.

Dr. L. Nandhakumar is a Professor & Head, Sri Indu Institute of Pharmacy, Ibrahimpatnam, Hyderabad- 10, and INDIA. Researcher in studying the plant components for the treatment of diabetes in novel Nanotechnology, Also focusing on the antioxidant studies in treating diabetes

Basically flavonoids are naturally occurring phenolic compounds that are distributed in plants. They contain wide range of biological activity and lot of research has been carried out on their potential role in treating diabetes and other diseases. Most importantly the flavonoids and their related natural compounds are known to encompass antidiabetic potential, demonstrated in various animal models. Such beneficial flavonoids are less utilized on account of its deprived solubility, decreased bioavailability; first pass metabolism and intestinal degradation. However, flavonoids are capable of improving, stabilizing and long sustaining the insulin secretion, human islets and pancreatic cell respectively. Methodology & Theoretical orientation: In this article we propose, remarkable antidiabetic activity of flavonoids as well as few approaches on nanoparticulate systems in diabetes induced animal models. The proposed nanoparticulate system of flavonoids is projected to improve the solubility, bioavailability, by passing the first pass metabolism and decreasing susceptibility to intestinal environment as compared to pure flavonoid isolates. Conclusion and Significance: Further, this hypothesis exemplifies to enhance the efficacy of flavonoids in a novel way of antidiabetic treatment.

Prof. Bhanu P. S. Sagar had completed his Ph.D at the age of 29 years from Jamia Hamdard, Postdoc from National Institute of Immunology and D.Sc. in Alternative Medicine. Presently, Director of Pharmacy College at IEC-GI & Former Vice-Chancellor of IEC University. Published 47 papers and presented 30 papers. Presented two papers in “AAPS 2006 National Biotechnology Conference” in Boston, USA. Evaluator for various International Journals and also selected for “Marquis Who’s Who in Asia” and “Marquis Who’s Who in World”. Received many awards and prime areas of research include Plant Tissue Culture, Phytochemical & Pharmacological investigations of natural products.

Xanthium strumarium L. is poisonous to mammals due its toxic principle which is a diterpenoid glycoside i.e. atractyloside found in the roots and seeds. It was thought worthwhile to carry out the hepatotoxic assessments and safety and toxicity evaluations of oral administration of atractyloside and methanolic extracts of X.strumarium L. in albino wistar rats. So, present investigation was undertaken with following objectives: • To develop standardized protocols for Extraction, isolation, purification, characterization and quantitative estimation of Atractyloside. • Hepatotoxic assessments of oral administration of atractyloside in albino wistar rats. • To study the safety and toxicity evaluation of methanolic extract in albino wistar rats. Xanthium strumarium Linn. root and seeds were found to contain alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, atractyloside, phenolics, steroids, terpenoids, and resin etc. In the present investigation attempt was made to separate the atractyloside by using instant preparative thin layer chromatography (IPTLC) technique. Purified atractyloside was chemically characterized by IR, Mass and NMR spectral analysis. Atractyloside concentrations were found to be 2.9 and 4.3 mg/ml in plant root and seeds respectively using HPLC techniques. During hepatotoxic assessment, atractyloside produced severe hepatotoxicity in albino wistar rats. Observations of the sub-acute and acute toxicity studies had indicated that methanolic extract of X. strumarium had shown a narrow safety margin in animals. On the basis of sub-acute and acute toxicity evaluation studies, it was established that both atractyloside and methanolic extract of X. strumarium L. possess a narrow safety margin in rats used in in-vivo experimental and preclinical pharmacological studies.

Mr. Rajagopal Ramasubramania raja: Has completed M.Pharm (Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacy) at SASTRA University, Tamilnadu. He is Pursuing PhD at part time in PRIST Univeristy, Tamilnadu. He is the Asst. Professor of Narayana Pharmacy College, Nellore Andhra Pradesh.

The plant Abutilon indicum,(Malvaceae), Aristolochea bracteolate,(Aristolochiaceae) Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) was screened for its Macroscopic, Microscopic, leaf constant (stomatal number vein islet vein termination number), Physiochemical parameter like Ash values, extractive vales, crude fibre content, foreign organic matter etc, Florescence analysis(short UV, long UV day light), General and micro chemical analysis for crude powder and Plant cell inclusions. The dried powder material (16gram) was subjected to soxhlet extraction with ethanol for continuous hot extraction for 6 hours. The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the extracts solid residues. The percentage value of the extracts was 19.62%w/w, 29.1%w/w, 27.3%w/w respectively. The respective ethnolic extracts were screened the phyto constituents depending the colour reaction, and thin layer chromatography. The poly herbal formulation like poly herbal ointment, poly herbal gel, and poly herbal cream was prepared 1%, 2% and 5% respectively. The prepared formulations were evaluated for physical appearance, pH, colour, rancidity, acidity and stable studies.

Angela Nnenna Ukwuani-Kwaja has completed her PhD at the age of 34years from Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. She is the departmnet of biochemistry post-graduate coordinator at kebbi state university of science and technology, aliero, kebbi state nigeria. She has published morethan 20 papers in reputed journals and an editorial board member of EQUIJOST.

Ficus polita leaves have been used in traditional medicines to increase physical strength, work productivity, longevity and resistance to high altitude sickness, fatigue, depression, anemia, gastrointestinal ailments, infections, and nervous system disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic activities of hydromethanolic extract of F. polita leaves in rat using acetic acid induced writhing and tail flick immersion methods respectively. Acute oral toxicity study resulted in no mortality after oral administration of 3000mg/kg of the extract while phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, terpeniods, glycosides, resins, steroids, balsams and pholobactanins. Based on the tail flick immersion test, F. polita hydromethanolic leaves extract and standard drug Diclofenac had significantly (p<0.05) analgesic activity by prolonging the mean latency time compared to the control. However, a significantly (p<0.001) prolonged mean reaction latency to pain in morphine treated groups was not comparable to the extract nor the Diclofenac treated groups respectively. The extract and standard drugs significantly (p<0.001) inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing at all doses tested compared to control. The prolonged reaction latency and inhibition of pain in Ficus polita leaves extract treated groups may be correlated with its significant analgesic potential which confirms as well as validate the traditional used of this plant.

Philip F. Uzor has completed his PhD in 2015 from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He is a lecturer in the Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He has published more than 35 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member in a number of internationally recognized journals.

This work reports the results of the ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal plants used by the people of Nsukka local Government Area of Enugu state for the management of inflammation and microbial infections. Nsukka LGA has an area of 1,810 km² and a population of 309,633 and 15 towns. The communities in were scouted for respondents in homes, markets, roadsides and farm through oral interview with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 69 respondents were interviewed through the use of semi structured questionnaire. The respondents were mainly herb sellers (3%), traditional medical practitioners (8%), herbalists (4%), civil servants (26%), others (55%) which include business women, students etc. Fifty eight (58%) species of medicinal plants (46 species for microbial infections and 12 for inflammations) were reported by the respondents. The most commonly used plants for the treatment of microbial infections include Moringa oleifera, Buccholzia coriacea, Cymbopogon citratus, Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina and Prosopis biglobos. Also the most commonly used plants used for the treatment of inflammation are Acanthus montanus, Chromolaena odorata and Pentaclenptra macrophylla. Fabaceae formed the most common family among the listed plants for the two disease conditions. It was observed that leaves formed the most frequently used (40%), followed by root (22%), fruits (12%), seed (12%), bark (7%), stem (5%) and bulb (2%). The survey has added more to the existing knowledge of the relevance of plants and its usefulness in the treatment of microbial infections and inflammations.

Titilayo O Johnson obtained her PhD in Biochemistry from the University of Ilorin, Nigeria in 2008. She is a Lecturer and Researcher at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Nigeria and at the African Center of Excellence in Phytomedicine Research and Development, University of Jos Chapter. Her motivation is in the areas of Parasite Biochemistry, Toxicology and Phytomedicine. She has pioneered and participated in various research projects aimed at solving human health problems.

The genus Phyllanthus has a long history of use in herbal medicine and several species of the plant are touted as natural remedies for a variety of health problems. Phyllanthus nivosus is abundant in Nigeria where it is being used traditionally to treat malaria. However, little work has been done to validate these claims and explore its therapeutic potentials in drug research and development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial potential of Phyllantus nivosus leaf as a possible source of antimalarial agent. Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis, as well as in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the leaf was carried out. Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes were incubated at 37 ºC in RPMI 1640 culture media (modified with L-glutamine, sodium bicarbonate and HEPES) in the presence of varying concentrations (100µg/ml, 50µg/ml, 25µg/ml, 12µg/ml, 6µg/ml and 3µg/ml) of extracts of Phyllantus nivosus leaf. Same concentrations of Chloroquine and Artemether Lumefantrine (ACT) were used as standards. Plasmodium Lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) activity was determined after 72 hours as a measure of parasite growth. Phyllantus nivosus leaf was found to contain 4.80%w/w alkaloids; 8.72%w/w tannins and 7.92%w/w flavonoids. No significant difference (P> 0.05) was observed in percentage pLDH activity in the presence of 6, 12 and 50µg/ml of ethanolic extract and 12, 25 and 50µg/ml of hexane extracts when compared with ACT and chloroquine. This study showed that P. nivosus leaf possess antimalarial activity and is therefore a possible candidate for antimalarial drug research.